#SPIKE PROTEIN HEART PC#

Incubation of PC for up to 5 days with SARS-CoV-2 expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) did not show any evidence of cell infection or viral replication. Moreover, cleaved Spike (S) protein molecules could be released into the bloodstream from the leaking pulmonary epithelial-endothelial barrier in patients with severe COVID-19, opening to the possibility of non-infective diseases in organs distant from the primary site of infection.Purposes: (1) to confirm that human primary cardiac PC express ACE2 and CD147 (2) to verify if PC are permissible to SARS-CoV-2 infection (3) to investigate if the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S protein alone, without the other viral elements, can trigger molecular signalling and induce functional alterations in PC (4) to explore which viral receptor is responsible for the observed events.Methods and results: Cardiac PC express both the ACE2 and CD147 receptors at mRNA and protein level. To date, the mechanism by which the virus infects and disrupts the heart vascular cells was not identified yet. Emerging reports indicate CD147/Basigin (BSG), highly expressed in endothelial cells (EC), is an alternative SARS-CoV-2 receptor. Besides, we propose CD147, and not ACE2, as the leading receptor mediating S protein signalling in cardiac PC.Ībstract = 'Background: Human cardiac pericytes (PC) were proposed as the main cellular target for SARS-CoV-2 in the heart due to high transcriptional levels of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. In contrast, blockage of CD147 failed to prevent the pro-inflammatory response in PC.Ĭonclusions: We propose the novel hypothesis that COVID-19 associated heart’s microvascular dysfunction is prompted by circulating S protein molecules rather than by the direct coronavirus infection of PC. The neutralization of CD147, using a blocking antibody, prevented ERK1/2 activation in PC, and was reflected into a partial rescue of the cell functional behaviour (migration and pro-angiogenic capacity). Signalling studies revealed that the S protein triggers the phosphorylation/activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) through the CD147 receptor, but not ACE2, in cardiac PC. Moreover, the S protein promoted the production of pro-inflammatory factors typical of the cytokine storm in PC (ELISA measurement of MCP1, IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα, P<0.05 vs ctrl), and induced the secretion of pro-apoptotic factors responsible for EC death (Caspase 3/7 assay, P<0.05 vs ctrl). Incubation with the S protein increased PC migration (wound closure assay, P<0.01 vs ctrl) and reduced the formation of tubular structures between PC and EC in a Matrigel assay (P<0.01 vs ctrl). Next, we exposed the PC to the recombinant S protein (5.8 nM) and confirmed that the protein engaged with cellular receptors (western blot analysis of S protein in treated and control PC). Methods and results: Cardiac PC express both the ACE2 and CD147 receptors at mRNA and protein level. Purposes: (1) to confirm that human primary cardiac PC express ACE2 and CD147 (2) to verify if PC are permissible to SARS-CoV-2 infection (3) to investigate if the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S protein alone, without the other viral elements, can trigger molecular signalling and induce functional alterations in PC (4) to explore which viral receptor is responsible for the observed events. Moreover, cleaved Spike (S) protein molecules could be released into the bloodstream from the leaking pulmonary epithelial-endothelial barrier in patients with severe COVID-19, opening to the possibility of non-infective diseases in organs distant from the primary site of infection.

Background: Human cardiac pericytes (PC) were proposed as the main cellular target for SARS-CoV-2 in the heart due to high transcriptional levels of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor.

Spike protein heart